What is the difference Between Fly ann Mosquito?

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ROLCAM · Posted: Mon May 28, 2007 1:07 pm Post subject: FLY !!

Fly is an insect with one pair of well-developed wings. The common house fly is one of the best-known kinds of flies. Other kinds include black flies, blow flies, bot flies, crane flies, deer flies, fruit flies, gnats, horse flies, leaf miners, midges, mosquitoes, robber flies, sand flies, tsetse flies, and warble flies.

A number of other insects are often called flies, but they have four wings and are not true flies. These insects include butterflies, caddisflies, damselflies, dragonflies, mayflies, and scorpionflies.

Some flies are among the most dangerous pests known. They carry germs inside their bodies, on the tip of their mouthparts, or in the hair on their bodies. When a fly "bites," or when it touches any object, it may leave some of these germs behind. Flies carry germs that cause such serious diseases as malaria, sleeping sickness, filariasis, and dysentery. These insects also cause diseases in animals and plants.

Scientists have developed many ways to control flies. Some swamps are drained. Others are covered with oil or sprayed with insecticides. These treatments kill newly hatched mosquitoes and other flies that grow in water. Proper disposal of garbage, decaying plants, and animal wastes is important for control of other kinds of flies.

Some kinds of flies are helpful. They carry pollen from one plant to another, much as bees do. Others eat insect pests. Scientists use fruit flies in the study of heredity. These flies have provided valuable information on how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next.

Flies live throughout the world. Among the smallest are the midges called no-see-ums, which are found in forests and coastal marshes. They are about 1/20 inch (1.3 millimeters) long. One of the largest flies, the mydas fly, is found in South America. It is 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) long and also measures 3 inches from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other.

Flies are among the fastest of all flying insects. The buzzing of a fly is the sound of its wings beating. A house fly's wings beat about 200 times a second, and some midges move their wings 1,000 times a second. House flies fly at an average speed of 41/2 miles (7.2 kilometers) per hour. They can fly even faster for short distances to escape their enemies, which include people and many birds.

There are about 100,000 kinds of flies. They make up an order (chief group) of insects. The scientific name of the order is Diptera, which comes from Greek words that mean two wings. This article provides general information about flies. To learn more about various kinds of flies, see the separate World Book articles listed in the Related Articles at the end of this article.

The body of a fly

A fly's body has three main parts: (1) the head, (2) the thorax, and (3) the abdomen. The body wall consists of three layers and is covered with fine hair. Many kinds of flies have dull black, brown, gray, or yellowish bodies. A few kinds, including soldier flies and hover flies, may have bright orange, white, or yellow markings. Some kinds, such as bluebottle flies and greenbottle flies, are shiny blue or green. They seem to sparkle with brassy, coppery, or golden lights.

Head. A fly has two large eyes that cover most of its head. The males of some species have eyes so large that they squeeze against each other. The eyes of most female flies are farther apart.

Like most other kinds of insects, a fly has compound eyes made up of thousands of six-sided lenses. A house fly has about 4,000 lenses in each eye. No two lenses point in exactly the same direction, and each lens works independently. Everything a fly sees seems to be broken up into small bits. The insect does not have sharp vision, but it can quickly see any movement.

A fly has two antennae that warn it of danger and help it find food. The antennae grow near the center of the head between the eyes. The size and shape of the antennae vary widely among different species of flies, and even between males and females of the same species. A house fly's antennae are short and thick; a female mosquito's are long and covered with soft hair; and a male mosquito's are long and feathery. The antennae can feel changes in the movement of the air, which may warn of an approaching enemy. Flies also smell with their antennae. The odor of the chemicals in rotting meat and garbage attracts house flies. The odors of certain chemicals bring vinegar flies to wine cellars.

The mouth of a fly looks somewhat like a funnel. The broadest part is nearest the head, and tubelike part called the proboscis extends downward. A fly uses its proboscis as a straw to sip liquids, its only food.

Flies do not bite or chew because they cannot open their jaws. Mosquitoes, sand flies, stable flies, and other kinds of "biting" flies have sharp mouthparts hidden in the proboscis. They stab these sharp points into a victim's skin and inject saliva to keep the blood from clotting. Then the flies sip the blood. Blow flies, fruit flies, and house flies do not have piercing mouthparts. Instead, they have two soft, oval-shaped parts called labella at the tip of the proboscis. The flies use these parts somewhat like sponges to lap up liquids, which they then suck into the proboscis. They sip liquids, or turn solid foods such as sugar or starch into liquids by dropping saliva on them.

Thorax. A fly's muscles are attached to the inside wall of the thorax. These strong muscles move the insect's legs and wings. A fly has six legs. It uses all its legs when it walks, but often stands on only four legs. The legs of most kinds of flies end in claws which help them cling to such flat surfaces as walls or ceilings. House flies and certain other flies also have hairy pads called pulvilli on their feet. A sticky substance on the feet helps the insects walk on the smooth, slippery surfaces of windows and mirrors.

A fly's wings are so thin that the veins show through. The veins not only carry blood to the wings, but also help stiffen and support the wings. Instead of hind wings, a fly has a pair of thick, rodlike parts with knobs at the tips. These parts are known as halteres. The halteres give the fly its sense of balance. The halteres vibrate at the same rate as the wings beat when the insect is flying.

A fly is airborne as soon as it beats its wings. It does not have to run or jump to take off. In the air, the halteres keep the insect in balance and guide it so it can dart quickly and easily in any direction. A fly does not glide in the air or to a landing as do butterflies, moths, and most other flying insects. A fly beats its wings until its feet touch something to land on. If you pick up a fly, but leave the legs and wings free, the wings begin to beat immediately. Scientists sometimes do this with flies when studying wing movements.

Abdomen. A fly breathes through air holes called spiracles along the sides of its body. The abdomen has eight pairs of spiracles, and the thorax has two pairs. Air flows through the holes into tubes that carry it to all parts of the fly's body.

The life of a fly

A fly's life is divided into four stages: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4) adult. At each stage, the fly's appearance changes completely.

Egg. A female fly lays from 1 to about 250 eggs at a time, depending on the species. During her lifetime, one female may produce as many as a thousand eggs. The females of many species simply drop their eggs on water, on the ground, or on other animals. Some species stack the eggs in neat bundles.

At the tip of a female fly's abdomen is an organ called the ovipositor, through which the eggs are laid. The house fly usually places her ovipositor onto soft masses of decaying plant or animal material and lays her eggs there. One kind of mosquito arranges its eggs in groups that look somewhat like rafts. The eggs float on water until the larvae hatch.

The eggs of many kinds of flies are white or pale yellow, and look like grains of rice. A house fly's eggs hatch in 8 to 30 hours, but the time depends on the species of fly. Some kinds of mosquitoes lay their eggs during late autumn, but the eggs do not hatch until spring.

Larva of a fly is often called a maggot or a wriggler. The larvae of most kinds of flies look like worms or small caterpillars. They live in food, garbage, sewage, soil, water, and in living or dead plants and animals.

A fly larva spends all its time eating and growing. It molts (sheds its skin and grows a new one) several times as it grows. The larval stage lasts from a few days to two years, depending on the species. The larva then changes into a pupa.

Pupa is the stage of final growth before a fly becomes an adult. The pupae of mosquitoes and some other kinds of flies that develop in water are active swimmers. Most pupae that live on land remain quiet. The larvae of some flies build a strong oval-shaped case called a puparium around their bodies. Black fly larvae spin a cocoon for protection. Inside, the larva gradually loses its wormlike look and takes on the shape of the adult fly. Then the adult fly bursts one end of the pupal case or splits the pupal skin down the back and crawls out. The pupal stage of a house fly lasts from three to six days in hot weather, and longer in cool weather. The length of time varies among the different species.

Adult. When the adult emerges from the pupal case, its wings are still moist and soft. The air dries the wings quickly, and blood flows into the wing veins and stiffens them. The thin wing tissue hardens in a few hours or a few days, depending on the species, and the adult flies away to find a mate.

A fly has reached full size when it comes out of the pupal case. A small fly grows no larger as it gets older, even though its abdomen may swell with food or eggs.

Adult house flies live about 21 days in summer. They live longer in cool weather, but are less active. Most adult flies die when the weather gets cold, but some hibernate. Many larvae and pupae stay alive during the winter. They develop into adults in spring.
_________________
Roland Camilleri

Moderator

Sydney , Australia.

ROLCAM · Posted: Mon May 28, 2007 1:09 pm Post subject: Mosquito !!

Mosquito is an insect that spreads some of the worst diseases of people and animals. Certain kinds of mosquitoes carry the germs that cause such serious diseases as encephalitis, malaria, filariasis, and yellow fever. When a mosquito "bites," it may leave germs behind. Many kinds of mosquitoes do not spread diseases, but they have painful "bites." Many of the mosquitoes that are associated with disease live in the hot, moist lands near the equator. But mosquitoes are found in all parts of the world, even in the Arctic.

There are more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes. About 150 species live in the United States. Biologists classify species of mosquitoes into about 35 groups, each called a genus. For example, the common house mosquito, which may transmit certain kinds of parasitic worms, belongs to the genus Culex. This species and other members of its genus may also carry encephalitis viruses. Some mosquitoes in the genus Anopheles carry malaria, and some in the genus Aedes transmit yellow fever virus.

People control insects in many ways. Small amounts of chemical insecticides kill mosquitoes when sprayed in homes, garages, and other buildings. Thick mists of insecticides may be sprayed into fields, forests, and gardens. People also control mosquitoes by destroying the places where they breed. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in marshes, swamps, and pools of still water, and tree holes, tires, and tin cans that contain standing water. Such places may be drained, or the surface of the water may be covered with thin layers of oil or insecticides.

Since the 1960's, scientists have turned increasing attention to the biological control of insects, including mosquitoes. Programs are designed to control certain insects without damaging other elements of the environment. One such program uses fish that eat mosquito larvae (young). Another uses the spores of a bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, to kill the larvae.

Most kinds of mosquitoes are from 1/8 to 1/4 inch (3 to 6 millimeters) long. One of the largest is the American gallinipper. It grows about 5/8 inch (16 millimeters) long.

The hum of a mosquito is the sound of its wings beating. A mosquito's wings move about 1,000 times a second. A female's wings make a higher tone than a male's wings, and the sound helps males find mates.

Mosquitoes are flies (insects with two wings). The word mosquito is Spanish and means little fly.

The body of a mosquito

The mosquito's slender body has three parts: (1) the head, (2) the thorax, and (3) the abdomen. The insect's body wall is thin and elastic. Fine hair and thin scales grow on the body and on the wings. Most kinds of mosquitoes are black, brown, gray, or tan. Many species have white or light-colored markings on their backs, legs, or wings. A few kinds are bright blue or green, and seem to shine with coppery or golden lights.

Head. The mosquito has a large, round head that is joined to the thorax by a short, thin neck. Two huge compound eyes cover most of the head. These eyes, like those of most other kinds of insects, are made up of thousands of six-sided lenses. Each lens points in a slightly different direction and works independently. A mosquito cannot focus its eyes for sharp vision, but it quickly sees any movement. The eyes are always open, even when the insect rests.

A mosquito hears and smells with its two antennae, which grow near the center of its head between the eyes. The antennae of a female mosquito are long and covered with soft hair. The male's antennae are also long, and have bushy hairs that give a feathery appearance.

The mouth of a mosquito looks somewhat like a funnel. The broadest part is nearest the head, and a tubelike part called the proboscis extends downward. A mosquito uses its proboscis to "bite," and as a straw to sip liquids, its only food. The males and females of many species sip plant juices.

How a mosquito "bites." Only female mosquitoes "bite," and only the females of a few species attack human beings and animals. They sip the victim's blood, which they need for the development of the eggs inside their bodies.

Mosquitoes do not really bite because they cannot open their jaws. When a mosquito "bites," it stabs through the victim's skin with six needlelike parts called stylets, which form the center of the proboscis. The stylets are covered and protected by the insect's lower lip, called the labium. As the stylets enter the skin, the labium bends and slides upward out of the way. Then saliva flows into the wound through channels formed by the stylets. The mosquito can easily sip the blood because the saliva keeps it from clotting. Most people are allergic to the saliva, and an itchy welt called a "mosquito bite" forms on the skin. After the mosquito has sipped enough blood, it slowly pulls the stylets out of the wound, and the labium slips into place over them. Then the insect flies away.

The amount of blood taken varies greatly among individual mosquitoes. Some may sip as much as 11/2 times their own weight at a time.

Thorax. The mosquito's thorax is shaped somewhat like a triangle, with the broadest part above and the narrowest part underneath. Thin, flat scales of various colors form patterns on the upper part of the thorax of certain kinds of mosquitoes. These patterns help identify different species. One kind of mosquito that spreads yellow fever has a U-shaped pattern formed by white scales on a background of dark scales.

Strong muscles are attached to the inside wall of the thorax. These muscles move the mosquito's legs and wings. A mosquito has six long, slender legs, and each leg has five major joints. A pair of claws on each leg helps the insect cling to such flat surfaces as walls and ceilings. The mosquito uses all its legs when it walks, but usually stands on only four of them. Many kinds of mosquitoes rest on their four front legs. Some kinds hold their two hind legs almost straight out behind them, but others curve their legs over their backs. White scales form bands on the legs of some species.

Mosquitoes have two wings, unlike most other kinds of insects, which have four wings. The wings are so thin that the veins show through. The veins not only carry blood to the wings, but also help stiffen and support them. Thin scales cover the veins and the edges of the wings. The scales rub off like dust when anything touches them. Some species of mosquitoes may have scales of beautiful colors.

Instead of hind wings, which most other insects have, a mosquito has two thick, rodlike parts with knobs at the tips. These parts, called halteres, give the mosquito its sense of balance. The halteres vibrate at the same rate as the wings when the insect flies.

A mosquito lifts itself into the air as soon as it beats its wings. It does not have to run or jump to take off. In the air, the mosquito can dart quickly and easily in any direction. The halteres keep the insect in balance. A mosquito must beat its wings constantly while it is in the air. It does not glide during flight or when coming in for a landing as do butterflies, moths, and most other flying insects. A mosquito beats its wings until its feet touch a landing place.

Abdomen of a mosquito is long and slender, and looks somewhat like a tube. Some kinds of mosquitoes have an abdomen with a pointed end. Other kinds have an abdomen with a rounded end. The shape of the abdomen helps scientists identify the species.

A mosquito breathes through air holes called spiracles along the sides of its body. The abdomen has eight pairs of spiracles, and the thorax has two pairs. Air flows into the holes, and tubes carry the air from the spiracles to all parts of the mosquito's body.

The life of a mosquito

A mosquito's life is divided into four stages: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4) adult. At each stage the mosquito's appearance changes completely, and the insect lives a different kind of life. In warm climates, some species develop from newly hatched eggs into adults in only a week. In the cold climate of the far north, mosquito eggs may remain dormant from autumn until late spring. They hatch in May or June, and take a month or more to grow into adults.

Egg. A female mosquito lays from 100 to 300 eggs at a time, depending on the species. One female may lay as many as 3,000 eggs during her lifetime. The eggs are laid through an opening at the tip of the female's abdomen. The females of most species of mosquitoes lay their eggs in water or near it, but each species has a favorite spot. Some like quiet swamps, and others prefer salt marshes. Still others lay their eggs in hidden pools that form in tin cans, rain barrels, gutters, fallen logs, or hollow tree stumps.

Among some species, the females drop their eggs one at a time. Frilly, transparent parts on the shell keep each egg afloat until it hatches. The females of other species arrange their eggs in groups that look somewhat like rafts. The female rests on the surface of the water while she lays her eggs, which are narrow at the top. With her hind legs, she carefully pushes the eggs, wide ends downward, into raftlike groups. The eggs of most kinds of mosquitoes hatch in two or three days in warm weather.

All mosquito eggs must have moisture to hatch, but not all species lay their eggs in water. Certain mosquitoes, called floodwater mosquitoes, drop their eggs in moist soil on flood plains and on irrigation sites. The eggs hatch after a flood takes place--perhaps a year later. Other species, sometimes called pond mosquitoes, lay their eggs in hollow places left by ponds that have dried up. The eggs hatch after rains fill the ponds with water. Not all of the eggs of these mosquitoes hatch after the first rain. They must be soaked by a second or even a third rain before they hatch into larvae.

Larva of a mosquito is often called a wriggler because it is so active. The wrigglers of most species move about by jerking their bodies through the water.

A wriggler looks somewhat like a worm or a caterpillar. A thin, skinlike shell covers its body. The wriggler has a broad head, with two short, bushy antennae on each side. It has two eyes behind the antennae, near the back of the head. Its mouth is on the underside of the head, near the front. Long hairs called mouth brushes grow around the jaws and sweep food into the wriggler's mouth. Unlike an adult mosquito, a wriggler can open its jaws and chew its food. It eats tiny aquatic life, including one-celled organisms called protozoans, and other wrigglers.

A wriggler breathes through a tubelike siphon (air tube) at the rear of its body. To get air, it pushes its siphon above the surface of the water.

The larvae of certain swamp mosquitoes do not have to come to the surface for air. They get air from the leaves, stems, and roots of various underwater plants. The larva of one kind of swamp mosquito has a breathing tube with two sharp tips. It uses one tip to hold itself to the plant, and moves the other tip back and forth in the plant tissue to get the oxygen stored there.

The larvae of many species of mosquitoes grow quickly. They molt (shed their skins and grow new ones) four times in 4 to 10 days. After the last molt, the larvae change into pupae. The larvae of some species spend the winter in hibernation. They change into pupae early in spring.

Pupa. A mosquito pupa is shaped somewhat like a comma. The head and thorax are rolled into a ball, and the abdomen hangs down like a curved tail. A thin "skin," like that of the larva, covers the pupa's body. The pupa breathes through trumpet-shaped tubes attached to the top of its thorax. The pupa sticks these tubes out of the water to get air. The pupa of certain swamp mosquitoes, whose larva gets air from underwater plants, pushes its tubes into the plant. After this pupa has changed into an adult, it pulls out the tubes or breaks them off and leaves them in the plant. The pupa then swims to the surface.

The pupae of most species of insects do not move, but almost all kinds of mosquito pupae can swim. These pupae are sometimes called tumblers because they roll and tumble in the water.

A mosquito pupa does not eat. It changes into an adult in two to four days. The pupal "skin" splits down the back, and the adult mosquito pushes its head and front legs out. The insect then pulls out the rest of its body.

Adult. After the adult mosquito leaves the pupal "skin," its wings dry quickly and it flies a short distance away. Most species of mosquitoes spend their whole lives within 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) of the place where they hatched. A few kinds may travel as far as 20 miles (32 kilometers) away to find food or mates.

A female mosquito attracts a mate by the high-pitched sound made by her wings. The males are deaf for the first 24 to 48 hours of their lives, until the hairs on their antennae are dry.

The females of some species must sip blood before they can lay eggs that will hatch. Each species of female prefers the blood of certain kinds of animals. Some feed only on frogs, snakes, or other cold-blooded animals. Other mosquitoes prefer birds. Still other mosquitoes suck the blood of cows, horses, and people.

Male mosquitoes may live only about 7 to 10 days, but females may live up to 30 days or more. The females of some species live through the winter in barns, garages, houses, caves, or in the bark of logs. Some species spend the winter as eggs or as larvae. They develop into adults in spring.
_________________
Roland Camilleri

Moderator

Sydney , Australia.